The Effects Of Lactobacillus Reuteri Probiotic As An...

Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid superoxide dismutase levels in diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial A protocol of thesis submitted to the Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis. By Mostafa El-sayed Mostafa Osman B.D.S (2012) Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University mostafaosman89@hotmail.com 01009970296 Supervisors Prof.Dr. /Nevine Hassan Kheir El Din Professor of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Dr. /Ola Mohamed Ezzatt Lecturer of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University 2016 Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of teeth induced by complex pathogenic bacterial species that trigger the host tissue response leading to production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and mediators leading to destruction of periodontal ligament alveolar bone (Offenbacher S. 1997, Nora Silva, et al. 2015, Hienz SA, et al. 2015) Periodontitis is one of the most common diseases affecting the population with 10-15% incidence rate among

The Growth And Exposure For Moody s Mama Toosweet Essay

Throughout the course of Coming of Age in Mississippi, readers observe as Anne Moody undergoes a rigorous transformation – the period of adolescence proves to be years of growth and exposure for Moody. As a child, she is aware of the difference in treatment between whites and blacks – however, she is oblivious to the reason why. It is not until Emmett Till’s murder that Moody really becomes aware of what is happening in the world around her. Prior to August of 1955, Moody had been so consumed with school, work and family that she didn’t pay very much attention to race relations. It’s a point of awakening when she finally grasps the hatred that whites in Mississippi have for blacks – she now begins to understand why her family had lived through such inhumane conditions. As Moody begins to understand the concept of race and equality, she thus realizes which side of the spectrum black people are placed on. On the other hand, Moody’s mama Toosweet, has long endured the brutal callousness of Chattel Slavery -- as a result she holds a different perspective than Moody. Their differing viewpoints often lead to tension between the two characters; this essay will examine and compare the psychological effects of Chattel Slavery on Moody and her mother. When examining Coming of Age in Mississippi we must call to mind the Politics of Difference – as readers learn about Moody, it is also important to note how her experience differs from Mama’s or even Linda Jean’s. It is the

Reflection Paper No Free Essays

What is the philosophy in your life? Explain the meaning. How did you arrive on that philosophy in your life? How will you apply in this philosophy in your everyday life? Everyone has philosophy in his or her life. In identifying and knowing the philosophy of every person’s philosophy in life it could show the identity the personality and the characteristics of a certain person. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper No or any similar topic only for you Order Now But how about mine? What is the philosophy in my life? My philosophy in life is, â€Å"Success is tampered with the harsh realities in life. As look and re-read my philosophy in life is that it looks very simple, it is understandable, but the meaning of the philosophy in my life is not simple, it is not just as easy as that are being written and be read. I said this because the meaning of my philosophy is this, there is no victory unless a person will tackle and will experienced the bad and the wicked things that will give the person’s life the downfall, but looking back to the realities that corresponds the real meaning f life is that there are the things that will make you feel worse, that even there will be a time that you will hate your life, and because of that it will result to the discouragement of achieving your ambitions, or your goals that will represent as the successes in life, it will also affect because discouragement will interrupt in getting on it, but as the others are telling that because of these trials, it will ensure that you have colors in life, that there is the meaning in your life. So instead of looking these trials as a problem, it is otter to say that, these problems gives me strength and use it , and make myself up and surely because of these it is surely because of the learning from the problems, i t will help as a tool in achieving ones person achievement. How to cite Reflection Paper No, Papers

Mental Health Disorders-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define Psychopathology and explain its Cultural context. 2.Define mental health, mental health problems and mental disorders. 3.Explain the diathesis-stress model and list/explain how other approaches to psychopathology can be incorporated into this model. 4.Summarize the advantages [why use it?] and disadvantages [what are the controversies?] of latest edition of DSM classification system. 5.Choose a major psychopathological syndromes and provide details of key symptoms and possible causes of this particular disorder. Answers: 1.Psychopathology may be defined as the term which helps in referring the study of mental illness as well as mental distress. It also incorporates the manifestation of the different behaviors and experiences which help in indicating that a person is suffering from mental illness or psychological impairment (Carli et al. 2013). There has been both etic and emic perspectives for such disorders. From etic perspectives, researchers try to identify the different types of universal elements but emic perspectives are also associated with it. This may help in development of different culture specific therapies and may also help to provide valuable information regarding different psychological problems in different cultures. It also involves the development as a function of the different important demands which cultures place on individuals. Moreover culture bound syndromes may also help in illuminating more general patterns of different cultural values. 2.Mental health can be defined as the state of health that includes emotional, social as well as psychological well being of individuals. It involves how an individual handle stress, relate to others as well as make choices, think, feel and act. Mental health problems take place when an individual faces problem that affects the way he thinks, feels and behaves which might be due to different biological factors as well as social determinants of health. Different cultures have their own ways of treatment and diagnosis of sch problems (Jones 2013). It may result from common mental health problems like anxiety and depression to more rare problems like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mental disorders can be described as the health conditions which involve certain changes in thinking, behavior as well as emotions or may be a combination of all. They mainly remains associated with distress and problems functioning in work, family or social activities. It may be mild affecting daily life activities in a milder ways like abnormal fears; others may be severe and needs hospitalizations for treatment. 3.The diathesis-stress model of mental health care may be defined as the attempt taken in the psychological theory which helps in explaining and dissection of a disorder as the result of an interaction between predispositional vulnerability and also stress that occur due to life experiences (Swearer and Hymel 2015). A diathesis can take the form of different genetic, biological, psychological as well as situational factors. This interacts with a individuals stress response to cause a disorder. The popular social model of healthcare which economic, environmental and social determinants to be the main reasons that lead to mental problems. Both the models stresses on the similar principles. 4.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders is published by the American psychiatric association and mainly helps by offering common language and also standard criteria for the classification of different mental disorders. The main advantages are that this helps in standardization of the diagnosis, helps in communication Shorthand allowing symptoms to be referred quickly, helps in developing the aetiology (that helps in knowing the diagnosis which can help in research in underlying causes). It also helps in having therapies. The disadvantages are that historical and cultural context have heavy influences on them like in case of 1973 when homosexuality was removed from DSM as social attitudes changed. It sometimes also lead to misdiagnosis leading to negative effects on patients and wring institutionalization. 5.Schizophrenia is mainly caused due to hereditary factors. Researchers state that of a single parent, brother or sister has it, there is chance of 40% and if both a presents have it, there is a chance of 40 % of the individual being affected. Certain environmental triggers like viral infections, improper nutrition form mother, mind altering drugs like methamphetamines or LSD all can contribute to such disorder. Ventricles being larger, medial temporal lobes being smaller, fewer connections among brain cells are noted by researchers as causes of this disorder (Frith 2014). Some of the symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal motor behaviors, suicide tendencies and others References: Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C.W., Brunner, R. and Kaess, M., 2013. The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review.Psychopathology,46(1), pp.1-13. Frith, C.D., 2014.The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology Press. Jones, P. B. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(s54), s5-s10. Swearer, S.M. and Hymel, S., 2015. Understanding the psychology of bullying: Moving toward a social-ecological diathesisstress model.American Psychologist,70(4), p.34

Internal Business Processes Perspective Wal

To improve the response time to customer request and speed up times transactions. The company is adapting to internet shopping and has set up a separate subsidiary to handle the internet purchases. This is in addition to the company policy of having more than one register open at a counter so that payments by customers are handled faster.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Business Processes Perspective Wal-Mart specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reduced transaction time is targeted at increasing the efficiency of the company business operations as indicated in its vision of achieving excellent operational efficiency. The company will rely on the customers’ value for efficient service that will drive them to the Wal-Mart store rather than individual online supply stores. The company has to ensure that its inventory management and shipment of goods purchased online are synced and backed up to provide a robust system that builds customer’s trust. To this end, the company is includes an order tracking feature and a gift return option (Knowledge@Wharton, 2000). To enhance its internal control department to be able to control the company’s growth imperative so that they company suffers less from problem associated with its big size. The company can measure its success in controlling the company growth through an audit on its return on investment. Investments that make business sense and increase Wal-Mart’s overall aim of operational efficiency impact positively on the internal business processes of the company. These investments are impact on the organizational aspect of the business eliminating losses of time or equipment. For example, technological investments leverage on the overall business strategy of being just in time, like the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to track inventory from suppliers to consumers that eliminated any blockages alon g the supply-chain management system. The placement of RFID tags on inventory also reduces the tendency of employees to steal from the company because the technology improves and speeds up tracking (Malhotra, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abolish all excesses, through reduction, recycling and reuse of all supplies that moves into the company’s stores, by 2025. To achieve this objective Wal-Mart intends to reduce the level of packaging within its store supply chain by five per cent by 2013. The company is developing sustainable packaging solutions in conjunction with its suppliers. In addition, the company has implemented a strategy that persuades customers to buy reusable bags for shopping. The objective has targets customer satisfaction in a green conscious environment and aims at increasing the overall efficiency of the companies operation, which reduces co sts in the long term that would otherwise be attributed to waste management. Reusable bags will assist the company to cut its plastic bag excesses by a third by 2013. The company is incorporating various environmental sustainability efforts such as making dog beds out of tattered plastic bottles. The company runs fifteen supply trucks on biofuel out of the grease collected from its chicken roasters. In addition, the company seeks to test four new types of fuel-efficient trucks. Other notable actions include the installation of solar power system on its Mexico store and adoption of a new sustainable design of its stores that incorporate recycled chimneys and use of soya beans instead of plastics to create floors (Environmental Leader, 2009). The objective on reducing waste adds to the financial objective of cutting expenses because it saves on costs on the excess purchases. Recycling also lowers costs for purchase of new material and saves the company of legal requirements on sustain ability. Increasing the company’s presence on the internet and making the online shopping system robust builds customer satisfaction and results to word of mouth advertising that is a boon to the profitability of the company as it increases overall purchases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Business Processes Perspective Wal-Mart specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Environmental Leader. (2009, April 20). Wal-Mart Wants to Eliminate All Packaging Waste by 2025. Retrieved from https://www.environmentalleader.com/ Knowledge@Wharton. (2000). Walmart.com Round Two: Jeanne Jackson Does Some Remodeling. Retrieved from Knowledge@Wharton: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/walmart-com-round-two-jeanne-jackson-does-some-remodeling/ Malhotra, Y. (2005). Integrating knowledge management technologies in organizational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), 7-28. Objective Measure Target Action To improve the response time to customer request and speed up times transactions. The company will rely on the customers’ value for efficient service that will drive them to the Wal-Mart store rather than individual online supply stores. The company is adapting to internet shopping and has set up a separate subsidiary to handle the internet purchases. This is in addition to the company policy of having more than one register open at a counter so that payments by customers are handled faster. Increasing the efficiency of the company business operations as indicated in its vision of achieving excellent operational efficiency. Â  The company has to ensure that its inventory management and shipment of goods purchased online are synced and backed up to provide a robust system that builds customer’s trust. Inclusion of an order tracking feature and a gift return option. Â  To e nhance its internal control department to be able to control the company’s growth imperative so that they company suffers less from problem associated with its big size. Â  The company can measure its success in controlling the company growth through an audit on its return on investment. Investments that make business sense and increase Wal-Mart’s overall aim of operational efficiency impact positively on the internal business processes of the company. Â  These investments are impact on the organizational aspect of the business eliminating losses of time or equipment. Â  Use of technological investments that leverage on the overall business strategy of being just in time, like the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to track inventory from suppliers to consumers that eliminated any blockages along the supply-chain management system. The placement of RFID tags on inventory also reduces the tendency of employees to steal from the company because the tech nology improves and speeds up tracking. Â  Abolish all excesses, through reduction, recycling and reuse of all supplies that moves into the company’s stores, by 2025. Leader, 2009). Â  To achieve this objective Wal-Mart intends to reduce the level of packaging within its store supply chain by five per cent by 2013. The company is developing sustainable packaging solutions in conjunction with its suppliers. In addition, the company has implemented a strategy that persuades customers to buy reusable bags for shopping. Â  The objective has targets customer satisfaction in a green conscious environment and aims at increasing the overall efficiency of the companies operation, which reduces costs in the long term that would otherwise be attributed to waste management. Â  Reusable bags will assist the company to cut its plastic bag excesses by a third by 2013. The company is incorporating various environmental sustainability efforts such as making dog beds out of tattered plas tic bottles. The company runs fifteen supply trucks on biofuel out of the grease collected from its chicken roasters. In addition, the company seeks to test four new types of fuel-efficient trucks. The installation of solar power system on its Mexico store and adoption of a new sustainable design of its stores that incorporate recycled chimneys and use of soya beans instead of plastics to create floors. Relationships to other objectives The objective on reducing waste adds to the financial objective of cutting expenses because it saves on costs on the excess purchases. Recycling also lowers costs for purchase of new material and saves the company of legal requirements on sustainability. Increasing the company’s presence on the internet and making the online shopping system robust builds customer satisfaction and results to word of mouth advertising that is a boon to the profitability of the company as it increases overall purchases. This essay on Internal Business Processes Perspective Wal-Mart was written and submitted by user Changel1ng to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Single-Parent Children Behavior

Single-Parent Children Behavior SINGLE-PARENT CHILDREN BEHAVIOR Based on census information, the number of children being raised in a single-parent home is on the rise. It always causes negative implications for children. When children have both parents, they tend to have better educational and financial advantages. Many people dont even realize how much a childs behavior is impacted when it comes to being raised in a single-parent home. Find out more by reading below. Impact on Academics Many single-parent homes are run by mothers. Beyond not having a father, there is also the chance that household income will be lower for these single-parent households. When you combine all of this together, it tends to increase the chance that the children are going to end up performing badly in school. Because many fathers arent providing financial support to the children, it makes mothers work harder to make ends meet. Working harder takes mothers a lot of time. As a result, Â  they have no time for their children. In turn, children dont have a parent readily available to assist them with completing their homework. If the other parent sent money to the single parent raising the child, it would help free up time for that parent to spend it with children. When the children have the emotional support of the non-custodial parent, they often end up doing better in school when compared to children who dont have contact with the other parent. You may also be interested in: Perspiration Is Nothing without a Little Bit of Inspiration Junk Food in School The Bright Sides of Academic Intellectuals We Call Nerds Relieving Students School-Related Stress Developing Students Creativity and Self-Expression through Crayons Impact on Emotions When there is only one person in the house earning an income, it puts the family at risk of being below the poverty level. Families that live in poverty tend to be more stressed. This can carry over to the children and cause them to struggle with low self-esteem, frustration, anger and even violent tendencies. Some children feel as if they are the one to blame for the other parent leaving. They act out on their peers because of their anger at the other parent. Beyond all of the financial struggles, many children end up feeling sad, lonely and abandoned. They struggle to form relationships with other children and connect with them emotionally. While the effects are going to vary from one child to the next, it doesnt get any easier when there is only one parent in the household supporting the family. Impact on Social Life Many children from single-parent households end up withdrawing socially. They tend to dive into a state of depression and loneliness. This often occurs because the one parent is always working and has no time for children. Because the children are often alone, they tend to feel that they arent wanted or that the parent doesnt care. When the children enter the state of loneliness, they end up turning away from their peers and spend most of their time in their bedroom alone. This can cause a number of problems for children. Everything you do in life involves communicating with someone at some point. This is why it is so important for children to feel like they can come to their parent and talk about how they are feeling and what they need help with. Otherwise, it is only going to end up causing them, even more, problems later on in life when they try to get a job or even find a mate. Even though it isnt all that easy to be a single parent. Spend more time communicating with children and make sure that they have everything they need to succeed in life. In time, you will be able to work your way through the whole ordeal and grow to form a long-lasting bond.

Fix Them or Fire Them Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fix Them or Fire Them - Case Study Example In this case, based on the fact that employee training and development programs are expensive to sustain especially if the business has a short employee turnover rate. To the company, regular expenses aimed at training employees make it a problem for employers to fire their employees rather than fix them. Fixing an employee involves the provision of counselling and motivation to do their work. During counselling, the author describes a situation where an employer meets with an employee to discuss the employee’s performance. Based on the employee’s input and output, the employer can compare the performance of that particular employee against the standard acceptable levels (11). The employee is then asked to provide a detailed self-analysis regarding the poor performance. If a clear set of reasons is established, the employer is able to make an informed decision to manage the employee such that he/she is able to deal with the factors influencing poor performance to ensure that the employee retains his work and the training and development costs of hiring new employees are managed. In the counselling of employees, employers or managers are required to remember various things among them the nature of the job, the performance record of the employee, the current and desired employee motivation, role of management in influencing good or bad performance, and the general welfare of the employee. With reference to employee motivation, managers or employers are required to remember that poor performance may not be caused by the employee. As a matter of fact, employees may lack job satisfaction at the current workplace based on their capabilities and how much they utilize their potential. Additionally, when the company thrives at ensuring that employees meet specific business goals. However, to ensure that the goals are achieved, and development is sustained, employers or managers must ensure that their employees have access to information and resources that

Improving Organisational Performance using HPW Assignment

Improving Organisational Performance using HPW - Assignment Example Through information sharing the employees will be loyal to the organization. This will increase productivity, which will boost the performance of the organization. Creation of a strong communication network is another benefit of high performance work systems. This is because in the instance of the market competition, the company will depend on the employees in forecasting on the probable problems, eradication of obstacles and manufacturing of new products while focusing on product quality (Yeatts & Hyten, 1998). HPW enable the employees to interact freely with the management, which enables the management to hold constant meetings with the employees whereby through the meeting the management will be able to form a strong communication network. This will lead to efficient decision-making and execution of the necessary progress. Organizations will be able to engage the employees in formal trainings that will assist in minimizing the mistakes and ensuring quality products. The employees will have a better understanding of the production process and information technology system used, thus facilitating effective problem solving within the organization and improvement in performance (Murray, 2002). After IBM executed the formal training of the employees in information technology, the firm realised a 19 % increase in performance. This improvement was because of the formal training, which led to notable improvement of work output in terms of quality and quantity. Research has revealed that an increase in the formal training has led to reduction of wastage of organizational resources. HPW is vital to an organization since it entails the execution of the compensation plan. The payment that employees receive... This paper mainly focuses on how the organizations are working to improve their performance by using the High-performance work (HPW) practices. High-performance work practices refer to the situation in which organizations ensure that employees are highly involved in all organizational matters. The aim of the study is to understand the impact of employee management and treatment to the overall performance of an organization. In the paper two computer manufacturing companies are used as examples, these companies are Cray and IBM. Business Case High-Performance Work (HPW) is very vital to all organizations. Basing on research, the results have indicated that most companies achieve excellent performance through the implementation of the HPW practices. High-performance work entails the human resources management procedures that enhance perfect employee performance. Numerous studies have revealed that whenever the employees are excellent in their performance, there is always an automatic i mprovement in the performance of the entire organization because there will be augmented productivity. HPW is very important since it enables the employees to do excellent work, which results in improved productivity and organizational growth. In the conclusion, we see that the management of any organization has to ensure that it upholds the rights of all employees and adheres to all rules and regulations. This creates trust between employees and their managers and in the end increases performance.

Market Challengers, Market Followers and Market Nichers Essay

Market Challengers, Market Followers and Market Nichers - Essay Example In Information Technology markets, however the companies do not hesitate in openly comparing their features with those of the competition by publishing named comparison tables between specific models - like Apple Macintosh compared with Microsoft Windows, Red Hat Linux compared with Microsoft Windows, IBM storage model compared with HP storage model, etc. These comparisons are printed in brochures that are sent to the decision making personnel of organizations through channel partners. The author has come across decision making documents written by IT managers in comparing between such companies by carefully studying what each vendor in competition presents in comparison with others. The brochures indicate kind of cut throat competition among vendors whereby the negative parts of the competition are highlighted promptly by each vendor - the fight is to influence the decision maker as much as possible in their favour. Example of Market Follower Market followers do not attempt to achieve drastic changes in consumer attitudes towards new innovations because they are scared of the back firing of such strategies. However, Banbury and Mitchell (1995) argue that "firms that define themselves as pioneers tend to garner greater market share than those that define themselves as followers". In Croatia a number of local food outlets try to design their fast food products in line with popular chains like McDonald and Pizza Hut but none of them attract consumers to the extent companies like McDonald and Pizza Hut are able to, in spite of keeping lower prices or offering discount schemes. The author himself feels reluctance in going to such joints given their strategy of just following the established brands and only visits them just for occasional change of taste. As per Banbury and Mitchell (1995), even slight innovations in established products can improve the market share of companies if they are able to tangibly demonstrate them to the consumers. Example of Market Nicher The concept of niche market positioning to establish: (a) Organization's own niche markets (b) Consumers possessing distinctive choices (c) Socio-demographic positions associated with consumers and their corresponding choices (d) Niche products matching consumer choices [Hannan and Carroll et al. 2003] In Croatia, Oracle is perceived to be targeting niche markets. In the author's auditing assignments, it was discovered that Oracle's products are priced much higher than the competitive products by Microsoft and IBM by virtue of certain features that are unmatched by the competition and the choice of some IT managers running mission critical applications who never look forward to any other database products (they call it RDBMS) than Oracle. Also, Oracle is found to be non-flexible in their pricing strategies and kind of unwilling to compete in the market segments where Microsoft & IBM are popular. The author could

Business And Information Technology Strategy Information Technology Essay

Business And Information Technology Strategy Information Technology Essay Business and information technology (IT) strategy has long been recognized as a key issue for managers and has grown in importance as IT has become strategically significant. For any kind of business to be succeeded in the market should follow some strategies. With the growing technological development competition has increase therefore managers or CEO should focus their attention on the information technology. Similarly, Frito Lay business strategy involved information technology. The IT function in every business is about capturing, processing, storing and distributing information or data. Introduction Information Technology (IT) is crucial to any business. IT Strategy focuses on strategic IT issues; on how to make IT work for businesses and improve company performance alongside examining ways of exploiting the full potential of information systems from existing and new IT products. High-performance businesses view IT as a strategic asset-a source of both operational excellence and competitive advantage. Frito Lays business strategy which also used the IT strategy for the improvement of their sales and to make the information available to its customers. Overlapping or Similarities between IT Strategy and Frito Lay business strategy Strategy is a comprehensive plan for accomplishing organizations goals. IT strategy is similar to Frito Lay business strategy business although the focus is specifically on technology. It is important to plan ahead for the development of your IT systems, which will need to be able to grow and adapt to any changes in business. However, business strategies and IT strategies overlap in some cases are as follows: Both strategies focus on management using same strategies. Both strategies act as a tool used for planning the future seems that they are unique. Both of the strategies are similar in a way that they are regulating a product and its structure simultaneously. Both of the strategies have a certain goal to reach its ultimate success in a same manner. Both strategies evaluate their internal and external environment in order to determine a position and market approach meaning that equally they are responsible for gaining success. Both strategies reflecting the relationship between business strategy and IT strategy making the inference that IT strategy is indeed primarily a business tool (Simons Davila, 1998; Kantrow, 1980; Haeckel Nolan, 1993; Amit Shoemaker, 1993). In the management perspective of Frito Lay business strategies it mainly at first focuses on management. Management process deals with the activities using resources and how this strategy can be used for achieving businesss goals. Frito Lay business strategy in which incorporated IT used as a critical contributor to the business, focused on improving business value and performance. Both of the strategies combine to make the business successful. Both of the strategies are designed to establish a business-driven approach to infrastructure toward the management of it business services. Basically IT helps to identify opportunities for reduced costs, reduced risk, improved quality and greater business value. IT Strategy is a highly prestigious like Frito Lay business strategy focusing on both strategic IT business issues and recent developments in information technology. Some Related Elements between IT Strategy and Corporate Strategies at Frito Lay Identifying business elements refers to proclaiming a vision and planning a means of getting there. Though the Frito Lay business related with some elements with the IT especially nature of the organizations leadership, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners (Drew et al., 2006) etc. In Frito Lay business strategies earlier it didnt use the elements. Of the most strategic way how these elements worked as a sound management in every aspects of Frito Lay business should deal with different information technology. With the complexity of the technological change know how IT is now being used widely to take advantage of the competitive market (The daily Star, 2010). The organization environment both of the Frito Lay business and IT sector has faced challenges forward to improving its respective business. Both the size and nature of this two business strategy has greatly impact on the overall value delivery system resulting in the increa se or decrease of sales volume. Frito-Lay used management information system tools include Executive Support System (ESS), Decision Support System (DSS), and Packaging Application Expert (PAX).  ESS helps to locate potential problems in maintaining sales levels and market share those are also elements of IT strategy. Some of the Key Components of Frito Lays Plans There are some of the key components of Frito Lays plans that must be reviewed such as The length of the promotion or Time frame Promotional and distributional activities Cost, sales Decision making process and Operating polices Productivity and working process Management process Organization Structure or infrastructure of the business Corporate initiatives and their contribution Technological development, flexibility and their uses Control processes Selection of the best business tools Competition and Production efficiency Justification of the Key Components of Frito Lays plan Time is important components for the business to succeed in the market. Strategy and Planning services produce a roadmap of clearly defined projects designed to extract more value from existing assets. This roadmap can also be used to support the deployment of critical business-driven projects. If proper information is not readily available to the customers as well as to the manger the firms will suffer a lot. Promotional activities that communicate the merits of the products and persuade the target customers (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). Distribution of the sales people among different areas help to achieve maximum productivity and effectiveness. Focusing on sales Frito Lays business can assess its position and its strength. A review of the sales, cost and profit projections for a new product may satisfy the Frito Lay businesss objectives. Productivity, management process, decision making process can greatly enhance the business in a wide distribution area. Together with the technological innovation businesses go forward with the competitions market. Business goals could be achieved easily with the understanding of business productivity and improving quality. Business information would be dynamic and integrated that should enable line employees and managers throughout the company to access timely and relevant information to support marketing strategy. Frito Lay business later identified these components and tried to implement that result in profit of their business. Some Strategies There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on various strategies that would be an effective way to communicate plans to executives, senior management, and team members if used at Frito Lay. Division of areas: one strategy that may be an effective way to communicate plans to executives, senior management, and team members if each area is subdivided to different small areas. One manager is assign to evaluate performance to the lower team members who will report to the manager. Organize a management team. Usually the signals that building familiarity among the companys advisors, employees, area managers, executives to make the communication easier. Short mission statement. Once the team has been organized, a brief mission statement which outlines the goals for the communications effort. This statement is critical in building consensus among the team members over the future course of action. Keep communication simple. Keep your internal and external communications simple, direct, and frequent so that everyone is kept informed of your progress. Tell your target publics what you are going to do, do it, and then tell them how youve done it. Forthright disclosure is essential Decentralization: It is actually one end of a continuum anchored. In this type of organization decision making power and authority are delegated as far down the authority. By delegating power and authority systematically from middle and lower level employees a relationship is established accelerating communication throughout a group team. Organization should not only focus their attention on decentralization they also focus their attention on centralization. Centralization: Sometimes the firm should only focus on the management activities among the higher level authorities. Identify actions or redress and communicate progress on a regular basis. Prior to communication on a regular basis. By meeting weekly rather than once a month shortened both thought cycle and action cycle to be more in paces changes in the business. Keep the lines of communication open. Non-management employees or staff may offer valuable insights into alternative courses of action. Encouraging suggestions from the bottom up also helps keep interest and involvement high among audiences that have a stake in the outcome of the crisis, but little into the decision-making process. Keeping the lines of communications open may result in a fresh perspective toward the solution of a problem. Build on a short-term plan with a long-term proactive communications strategy. Nothing builds interest and involvement like awareness and knowledge. The more your target publics know about you, the more likely they are to want to do business with you. Keeping your audiences informed builds interest and involvement. This translates into knowledge and awareness about a company, its products and services, and a businesss growth and development. A well-planned and skillfully implemented strategic communications program can be a powerful tool for turnaround success. Engaging in communications can help minimize disruption to a business and its bottom line and help the turnaround manager guide his clients back to business as usual. Controlling the operating process. Control is one of the main function of the management in h organization. Control helps the firms with a ways to adapt the environmental change, to limit the accumulation of errors, to cope with the environmental complexity and minimize the cost. A properly designed control systems can help anticipate, monitor and respond changing circumstances. Build up Effective team leadership. Develop leadership and management capability at all levels in the organization from the first-line supervisor to members of the executive team. Both with the Executive Team leader and members of the executive team on an individual basis to help them improve their effectiveness within the team. Evaluation of the Strategies After the strategies have been developed then comes the evaluation of the strategies. Evaluation is also very important. Although Flexibility is essential in any situation. Evaluation of the strategies is measured in terms of its feasibility, its satisfactoriness and its consequences. Is your message getting through? Is the media playing your story accurately? Are your target audiences responding appropriately? If your plan isnt working, dont be afraid to change or adjust it. Generally if the strategy meets the target it just kept. Maintaining the ultimate target is essentially preferable but it is more likely that some action will be needed to correct a deviation from the target setting. Finally changing is established if it sets too high or too low beyond the reaching goal. Among the strategies these strategies are evaluated to be the effective way to communicate from top line managers to worker level employees are Effective team leadership Keep the lines of communication open i.e.; integrated infrastructure information structure Short mission statement. Centralization Decentralization Controlling the operating process may be effective Depending on the situation both decentralization and centralization are effective way of communication. An effective way to use information technology opportunities is through a systematic analysis of a companys value chain the series of interdependent activities that bring a product or service to the customer. IT helping to make sure that technology is not just being pursued for the sake of more technology, but that its also moving the company forward. In Frito Lay corporate strategy both departments and work groups are interdependent. They depend each other for information and resources to perform their respective activities. The greater the degree of interdependence between the departments, the more the coordination among themselves (Griffin, 2003). Besides having these things there is some distinct criteria in which information about plan cannot be relayed quickly to the staffs as relayed to the executive staffs. As executives are the most important person in the company and they have to take decision instantly thy receive the information. With the information technology executives now take any market; and know more about what is going on in the snack category there than the regional competitor who only operates in that market.  That is indicating that their information accessibility is not same. The real benefit of information systems is the energy it brings across the entire company. Information system developments allow for the centralizing of data, in turn allowing managers of regional operations access to this vast database on the other case staffs can not.. Further, it provides the software to use these technologies in a way that is effective in a distributed processing marketing environment. Result is different However, management policy now focuses on directed decentralization.   Hundreds of middle managers have freedom and database knowledge to make tactical decisions on local market initiatives.   Framework That use IT Strategy to Support Frito Lays Business Technological changes have accelerated globalization and have intensified competition and the organizations need to be nimble and agile. Business organizations are aware that information strategy is highly crucial to the success of every business. It is difficult to sustain a business in todays very competitive and innovative world minus a framework for information strategy, which is the organizations integrated plan for processing, delivery, and presentation of information.   Hence regardless of the size and nature of businesses, companies invest on IT infrastructure for real-time communication, automation of systems, and other applications. However some organizations fail to optimize the availability and functionality of information technology in managing and delivering information relative to achieving business goals. Business framework for information strategy must always aim to provide consistency, transparency, and quality in business processes that will support success strat egy employed by an organization. With a defined framework and integration of business processes and information strategy helps company sustains competitive advantage. A frame work that will help support IT ultimately Frito Lay business should include Management Information System (MIS) under which improve customer service and communicate with customers and suppliers more effectively cut your costs and streamline business operations increase staff  productivity respond to change more quickly improve the way to manage, share and use knowledge in business and business analysis Now, this frame work will support IT and can be applied to Frito Lay business achieve business objectives. However, it is necessary to continue to develop new information technologies in order to maintain these advantages and develop new ones.   Not only are new ideas on technologies rising, new ideas on how to use these technologies are also apparent. It is important to understand how these changes are likely to impact upon the business and, in turn, how IT will support such changes. This will ensure that any IT investment you make now is capable of supporting your business and its operations in the longer term. Some Recommendations Organizations need to evaluate both their internal and external environment in order to determine a position and market approach. Ideally, an information technology system should be simple for the customer to adopt at the outset, and it will become tightly intertwined with the customers daily routine To accomplish both centralization and decentralization along with introducing new technology Frito-Lay has to change its business culture, organization, and infrastructure etc. Also, firms have to increase advertising and promotional expenditures, through using the information technology. It is now important to focus on attention on management information systems to grow business and to take monopoly in the market. Frito Lay business should continue to develop new information technologies in order to maintain these advantages and develop new ones.   Not only are new ideas on technologies rising, new ideas on how to use these technologies are also apparent. One area in particular where we feel an upgrade may be necessary is with the DEX system. As Frito-Lay used didnt any training programs or corporate modifications to help implement all their new information technology systems.   And also I found a lot of information (data) was created, but not analyzed well.   The organization and process controls were not structured adequately to handle all the new information.   Management processes and employee mind-sets were not altered either.  In this case, recommendation that Frito-Lay develop and implement-training programs, including shared purpose, shared incentive, and top-to-bottom implementation programs. Formulating strategies and plans to address IT should focus on the macro marketing in which Frito Lay business can use more update technology to attract customers. Using information technology for new products and services that help clients respond to rapid changes in the marketplace to gain a competitive advantage through ought the market and can be used as a medium of quick communication. It will help organizations improve the management and delivery of their business while reducing costs. Managers can play a central role in making sure that IT and Business is aligned. It Helps clients unlock the business value of information and use it for competitive advantage to address emerging, industry-specific business opportunities.

Criseyde: Negligence, Manipulation and the Lack of Willpower :: Essays Papers

Criseyde: Negligence, Manipulation and the Lack of Willpower We all know what it is like to be pressured into a relationship. Okay, maybe we don not ALL know what it is like, but most of the general dating population has had this experience. It works in this way: your friend Susan comes to you and tells you that your other friend Jim likes you, you never really thought about Jim in this way—but begin to think that there could be a little chemistry there. Susan loves playing matchmaker. She is persistent and will not stop until she gets what she wants. In the end, you wind up going on a few dates with Jim, but the relationship never really blossoms. This scenario sounds a little like the story about the forced relationship of Troilus and Criseyde, by Pandarus, in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde. The only difference between my real life scenario and the relationship of Troilus and Criseyde is that when Criseyde finally falls for Troilus, which alleviates his ‘lovesickness’, she leaves him for another m an. And, although Susan was persistent, she never stood in the bedroom when you and Jim ‘turned off the lights.’ Criseyde changes her mind just after the reader is informed that Criseyde and Troilus are in love, and Troilus has become a better knight and a better man because of this love. Why would a woman leave after getting so emotionally involved in a relationship? As the text says, â€Å"For she began to turn her shining face/Away from Troilus, took of him no heed,/And cast him clean out of his lady’s grace,/† (st. 2, 179)—Criseyde simply turned her head from Troilus, taking â€Å"of him no heed† and moving on to Diomede. I believe that Criseyde was unjust in her actions, yet she was forced into the relationship due to two weaknesses that she possesses: her own negligence to the importance of the situation and a lack of willpower. Criseyde is (seemingly) manipulative, yet Pandarus very easily manipulates her at the same time. From the beginning, the reader realizes that Criseyde is not interested in a relationship, but her eccentric uncle does not take not ice.

Book Review: Leading Change by John P. Kotter Essay

Leading Change by John P. Kotter. Harvard Business School Press, 1996. In light of the increasing rate of change in the business environment due to factors such as technological advances and globalization, the need to be able to make successful transformations within an organization becomes more imperative than ever before. In Leading Change, Kotter identifies an eight-step guide for making successful organization changes. These eight steps stem from avoiding common mistakes made during organizational change efforts seen in the past , such as: too much complacency; failing to create a powerful guiding coalition; underestimating the power of vision; under-communicating the vision; permitting obstacles to block a new vision; failing to create short term wins; declaring a victory too soon; and neglecting to anchor changes firmly into the organizational culture. To avoid these mistakes, leaders of an organization requiring changes should consider the following steps: 1. Establishing a sense of urgency 2. Creating a guiding coalition 3. Developing a vision and strategy 4. Communicating the change vision 5. Empowering broad-based action 6. Generating short-term wins 7. Consolidating gains and producing more change 8. Anchoring new approaches into the culture In establishing a sense of urgency , it is hoped that a leader of change will be able to direct stakeholders’ drive towards a common purpose and reduce  complacency. Common causes of complacency include : the absence of a crisis, low overall performance standards, wrong performance measurement indexes, too much happy talk from management, and lack of sufficient performance feedback from external sources. It is suggested that a leader creates a sense of purpose allowing weaknesses to be exposed, setting performance targets that are too high, analyze current opportunities and highlight the organizations inability to pursue them, and cut-down on the â€Å"happy talk† and listen to disgruntled customers. Very often, committees of employees devoted to making organizational change are ineffectual because they do not have the any influential, senior managers who can make changes happen and reinforce the urgency of the committee’s purpose to all levels. Kotter suggests careful selection of committee members to include senior management and influential people, with care taken to avoid those employees he labels â€Å"egos† and â€Å"snakes† (i.e. those employees whose egos may take precedence over the committees agenda and those people who may undermine the trust necessary to build strong committee relationships) By developing a vision, a leader creates â€Å"a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit commentary on why people should strive to create that future.† (p. 68) It not only clarifies direction but helps in motivating those people who will be affected and/or implementing change. Kotter gives examples of good and bad visions and suggests that a perfect vision should be clear and simple enough to explain within five minutes. A vision should also inspire people to force people out of their comfort zones, it should be challenging but attainable, and usually takes advantage of fundamental trends such as globalization or technological changes. In communicating the change vision, Kotter argues that in this day of information overload, talk of vision and strategy takes up only a small fraction of employee time and the ideas are often lost. Using analogies, repetition and the use of multiple forums for conveying change vision will help employees to understand and remember the ideas. Clear concise language is a must. To empower employees for broad-based action enables much more flexibility within an organization to adapt to a changing environment. Barrier to empowerment however exist in i) the organizational structure where resources are so fragmented that timely delivery of objectives is nearly impossible , ii) the skills of employees, iii) systems of the organization such as HR systems which advocate antiquated measures of performance which contradict new changes, iv) supervisors who are reluctant to change from the traditional command-and-control style of management. Despite the long-term nature of many organizational changes, Kotter suggests that the generation of short-term wins is of utmost importance and not necessarily at the expense of long-term benefits. He cites examples of CEOs who have implemented long term change initiatives but the failure to create short-term wins and tangible benefits made stakeholders impatient resulting in disenchantment. He reinforces the clear difference between management and leadership and their importance in the pursuit of short-term and long term goals (leadership being more long-term vision and strategy-oriented, management being more concerned with the pursuit goals in the immediate future). The achievement of short-term goals not only reinforces that scarifies made for long-term goal achievement are paying off. They also help to reward change agents and undermine cynics/anchors to change, they build momentum and can help fine-tune vision and strategies. After a short-term win, Kotter warns that it is all too tempting to relax and even regress in some cases back to old ways. All momentum of change is lost. To be able to consolidate gains and keep producing more change, he suggests that management increase urgency levels, and learn to understand and appreciate that interdependencies with in the organization dictate that when changes are made in one area, they often require further changes to be made in other areas or departments. Once changes have been made, it is then important to anchor them into the corporate culture. It is observed that culture is not easily manipulated so this should be done when all changes have been made. Changing â€Å"the way we do  things around here† is imperative so that regression to old practices is not experienced. To summarize, Kotter reinforces that an increasingly changing business environment is forcing decisions to be made quicker and organizations to become more flexible to external changes than ever before. Only with increased flexibility, teamwork and leaner organizations can a leader ever hope to make changes in response to these pressure. The leadership qualities of the change agents very important because they set the vision for others to follow. The importance of continual learning is also emphasized because leaders who are constantly changing themselves and going out of their comfort zones arguably are more able to leave those comfort zones in order to adapt to a changing environment.

Media horror trailer breif Essays

Media horror trailer breif Essays Media horror trailer breif Essay Media horror trailer breif Essay For my media coursework I will be making a horror film trailer, this will be done by filming and editing ourselves. The sub genre of our trailer is a slasher film (sometimes referred to as body count films and dead teenager movies) involving a psychopathic killer, who stalks and murders a series of victims, in this case teenagers as it follows the typical conventions of a slasher, which helps the audience associated the trailer to a certain genre, also another trademark for this type is that the killer wears a mask to hide his/her identity. Although this is a well used method, it still leaves the audience in panic. I studied past years horror trailers and analysed what worked, and what didnt, I found the more successful trailers used teenagers as the victims and sound tracked with an eerie, fast paced song brought more tension to the trailer as it doesnt give the audience much insight on how the film will out end, but leaves enigma codes to suggest possible outcomes. It highlighted that even the smallest elements, such as a tree in the background, can ruin the mise-en-scene. We learnt filming and editing techniques by creating short films. Also we studied a Channel 4 TV programme, 50 Scarriest Moments and depicted the most effective methods used to create impact on its target audience. The target audience will be aimed at the 15-24 year old bracket and by using teenage characters it allows the viewer to be able to relate to these victims and increases the disturbing atmosphere so that they can maintain interest in the text. The title for the film will be Basement, the audience can also relate t o this as most houses have a basement which they feel comfortable in, so this trailer will go against this and present what evil can occur in a place where some feel safe. A usual assumption with horror films is that itll leave you in discomfort and fear of whats safe but the genre also has its pleasures. These are because when youre in a cinema or at home watching a film youre in the comfort of others and you can escape from reality and live anothers life, but without the physical pain, which cant be done any other way, but films allow this. I would categorize this as a date movie because its not overly gory, like in splasher style films such as the Saw trilogy where it can leave the audience feeling slightly nauseous. The function of a trailer is to advertise the final film which would be for theatrical release at cinemas. The narrative will follow a non-linear pattern and fits into Todorovs theory. It will consist of an equilibrium, dis-equilibrium and a new equilibrium. The trailer will depict snapshots of various scenes and will have a un-close ending, this is so the whole storyline is completely given away so it leaves the audience with questions that provoke them to go see the full length film. The character playing the killer in the trailer is a tall, well built male with ragged, long hair. In terms of iconography, a large male fits into a stereotype used commonly throughout horror genres. Clothing is also used to represent good and bad characters as certain colours have connotations, for example the killer would be wearing a dark, scruffy coat with glimpses of red to symbolise danger and evil, but the teenagers would wear lighter colours to show innocence and purity. It wont be a dis-figuered human or even monster-like but instead a normal looking man which you may least expect to conatin so muc h evil, can be more frightening as youd expect them to be harmless. The trailer will have a fast paced song that builds tension, supported by quick cuts and dynamic transitions to keep the audience engaged. Simple techniques that can be use to represent time, mood, place and events will be added, for example, putting a grey scale onto a clip symbolises it was in the past or was one of the characters memories. Also if seens containing danger are shot with a low-key lighting it will suggest the sinister thret. In terms of music i will mainly using a song from an professional artist, but to create sound effects and to select how the music builds up i can experiment with a programme called Garage Band. The trailer will be topped off with a voice-over spoken in a deap, male tone which could be represented or linked to the killer. The editing software i will use to edit the trailer will be Sony Vegas 7.0 and possibly I-Movie which is on Apple Mac computers, the scenes will be filmed used a mini-DV camera attached to a tripod when needed to get still shots and panning shots without it looking like a home movie. Tasks are shared within the group so we all do an equal load.

Themes in The Tempest by Shakespeare

Themes in The Tempest by Shakespeare Themes in The Tempest"We are such stuffAs dreams are made on, and our little lifeIs rounded with a sleep"Shakespeare"Tempest is one of the most original and perfect of Shakespeare's productions and he has shown in it all the variety of his powers. It is full of grace and grandeur." These are the words said by Hazlitt which perfectly justifies the triage-comedy "The Tempest".A great deal of this great play writer's biography cannot be written down for it have been lost in the limbo of the past or most of the essential facts were simply never recorded. However, enough information still remains s for us to sketch an outline of his life and work. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, the former being a glover of Stratford-on-Avon, the latter a woman of good Warwickshire stock. William was the eldest son baptized on April 26th 1564.Prospero and Miranda from a painting by William Ma...Of his boyhood nothing much is known, but it is known that he went to the lo cal grammar school, where he received sound training in the classical education of the day. In November 1582, when Shakespeare was eighteen and a half, he married the daughter of a well-to -do yeoman, Anne Hathaway of Shottey, and their first child Susanna was born in May 1583.The Tempest can be dated with some precision, since there is a record of a performance of it at court on November 1, 1611, and since it borrows some details from accounts of the travels and adventures of Sir George Somers in Bermuda which were not available in England before the fall of 1610.the tempest is the second shortest play of the whole canon in the First Folio edition in 1623 ,and has the fewest scenes. Theatrically ,however, its...

The Kingdom of Morocco BBC Documentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Kingdom of Morocco BBC Documentary - Essay Example Rarely did they follow Islam. One of the significant events that happened in the Kingdom was the rise of Abdulla Ibn Yasin. He went to Islam centre of learning where he gained knowledge on Koran. He united several clans of Berber and installed himself as a spiritual leader. He led to transformations of Berbers trough Jihad. Nis initiatives led to the expansion of empire and made changes in key cities such as the city of Massar. The transformation and expansion of the empire was through a standing army that role was to expand Islam through Jihad. The kingdom expanded from south to the northwest part of Africa (Casely-Hayford). The kingdom continued to expand further after his death. The expansion was through Yusuf Ibn Tashmin. He led to expansion of Marrakash city. The kingdom expanded into empire up to the southern part of Europe. This was through trading activities and war. In fact, he helped repel Christian influence in Spain and Portugal. He died in 1106, and his son Ali Bin Yusuf took over(Casely-Hayford). His period was characteristic by improvement in architecture and aesthetic value. His reign did not last long as he was toppled by Alhomads led by Ibn Tumarts. This led to reorganisation of the city of Marrakash. The kingdom ended in 12th century. This was due to rebellion, scrabble for power, and loss of Mediterranean hence lack of source of revenue. I liked the movie due to clear description of various ruins such as building of the Caspus. In order to understand cultural knowledge I will enhance my understanding of artefacts’, religion, and various forms of

Cross-cultural communication and negotiation, strategy formulation and Essay

Cross-cultural communication and negotiation, strategy formulation and implementation - Essay Example There are communities that do not take lightly things such as bribes and payments that are questionable. On the other hand, others take this as a good gesture and it is their culture to give bribes or some sort of payments whenever a negotiation is going on. Gifts or monetary payments while negotiating in international business are required in gaining a positive action from officials in different governments. Yet this same move might cost one if applied in communities that do not take it lightly and consider it unacceptable. For instance, FCPA does prohibit a company that is US-based from giving any offering in form of money or in kind to a government official in a foreign country so as to get favors or win contracts. The other issue is how people in different cultures view joint ventures and strategic alliances. Some of the partners to an alliance may have a short term view of doing business for quick gains and benefits to the business. Such a strategy would require that only short- lived agreements are reached. On the other hand, there are people who believe in long-term development of business that has prospects for satisfactory profits in business. The joint venture negotiations end up failing if the two parties have differing views on the life of the business strategy (Sheppard 1-7). Formulation of a consistent and working strategy when facing a negotiation across culture could be quite tasking to a management team. Its implementation is also no easier. Many factors relating to inter-cultural issues do affect the success or failure of a negotiation strategy employed. If not successfully implemented, formulated strategies may fail. Their implementation therefore depends on how effective one applies his or her knowledge of cross-cutting factors among different cultural groups involved in the process. Institutional based relationships are also important when it comes to strategy formulation and implementation. These relate to relationships

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Case Study - Assignment Example Secondly, employees were only liable for negligence when their acts result in students’ bodily injury. Significance: The Barr v Bernhard case served as a catalyst for the human rights movement to have the legislature change statutes that do not correlate with the legislative’s intents in a constitution. This case was decided many years ago and eight years after the court’s decision, the legislature had not changed the statute. Holding: The United States Supreme Court held that before a student from a public school is subjected to a suspension, the student should get the chance to explain his or her actions in a hearing (Find Law, 2015). According to Emanuel and Emanuel (2008) and Wasserman (2004) giving suspensions without a hearing violates the American constitution. The court held that suspending students from public schools without a hearing was in violation to the due process clause, stipulated in the Fourth Amendment of the constitution. Reasoning: Central High School where the nine students got suspended violated the due process clause because the students got suspended without first going through the school board’s hearing process. Though the students destroyed the school property which resulted to a disruption of learning the students were still entitled to education which was taken away when they got suspended. According to Cole & Smith (2007) and Alexander and Alexander (2011) students have an entitlement to their due process of the law stipulated in the

Competence in the Work Environment Essay Example for Free

Competence in the Work Environment Essay 2.1Compare the strengths and weaknesses of assessment methods. Assessment can take place in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, lecture rooms, workplaces (or in a simulation of workplace conditions), community and training establishments or examination halls. No matter where it takes place or what form it takes, assessment always involves observation, evaluation, or questioning or a combination of some or all of the three. There are many different methods of assessment, a few regularly used are:-observation, evaluation or questioning. Whether they are used formatively or summatively, the most important issue is whether the assessment is appropriate for the intended outcome. Each learner is initially given a learning styles questionnaire to complete. From this questionnaire the assessor can establish which from assessment may suit the learner best. Observation The assessor observes the learners as they carry out tasks defined in the standards for the qualification. This observation often takes place in the workplace, or the conditions of the workplace, but it can also be carried out in any other place where the learner is undertaking practical activities which is a positive. Assessors should ideally plan observations to take advantage of any skills or activities that occur naturally in the learning environment, and to make the best use of the available resources. There are times however when an assessor may spontaneously observe a learner carry out a task which can be written up as an observation. One of the weaknesses of observations is that some learners amy beome self –concious or shy/embarresed and feel they are ‘being watched and graded’. The residents or clients may also act differently if they are aware that an observation is taking place and can lead to a distorted picture of the true nature of the learners role . Evaluation In some areas, as learners work towards achieving their qualifications they will generate evidence in the form of products of their work. This is the case in qualifications in Health and Social care for instance which is primarily a work-based or practical qualification. Learners may produce CVs, diet plans, weight charts, reflective accounts which can all be used to assess their knowledge in a chosen subject area. These can be incredibly posistive and allow the learner to reflect and be proud of his/her practices and positives. The weakness with evalution is that it has to be done correctly, with enough time to explore areas that may need extra work and encourage the learner in a positive way. Questioning and discussions with the learner Questioning can be used whenever an assessor wants to assess knowledge and understanding and the various different applications of knowledge such as reasoning, planning, analysing and evaluating. Questioning can be used to: * confirm knowledge and understanding where it is not apparent from performance * Address gaps in knowledge and understanding in performance based units * Authenticate evidence by asking learners to explain part of the evidence and/or describe the process of producing it * Assess contingencies where it would not be practical or safe to wait until the skill or activity can be observed * You can use oral or written questions, depending on the requirements of the outcomes of units being assessed and the circumstances of the assessment. Your choice of method should reflect any special assessment requirements your learners may have. For example, some learners do not respond well to written questions — in any case, you should always ensure that the appropriate reading level is used Discussions give the assessor the opportunity to gauge the learner’s knowledge and highlight areas lacking which can be taught at a later date. A weakness in discussions and questioning is that the assessor has to be careful not to lead or prompt or give the answer to the learner as it may not be valid. Outcome 3Understand how to plan assessment 3.1Key factors when planning assessment When planning an assessment there are a number of factors to be considered. Who are you assessing? What do you want them to achieve? Where will the assessment take place? How long do you have? Once you have answered these you then need to look at applying a holistic approach. Using a holistic approach means that many areas of work and outcomes can be covered at the same time. The assessment process isn’t just about watching a learner complete a task it is about, discussion, planning, implementing and reflection. Areas of risk that may be involved when I assess a learner in the care setting are minimal but may still arise. An example of this would be assessing a learner carrying out a manual handling task. Has the learner had the appropriate training to carry out the task? Is there a piece of equipment involved and has it been tested for use. Is the learner competent and confident to carry out the task? Do I feel that I have assessed any risk involved and am I happy for my learner to proceed? If I am not happy at anytime then the assessment will be stopped and a further risk assessment carried out. During the initial meeting the learner will have completed a Learning Styles Questionnaire, this should have highlighted any areas such as advanced learning needs or dyslexia and the planning of an assessment should take this into consideration. 3.2 Benefits of using holistic assessment Using a holistic assessment enables the assessor to cover a large range of outcomes in a number of diploma units with one piece of evidence. Holistic assessment may for example cover infection control and manual handling. By referencing outcomes well the learner will see that good progress is being made and opportunities area taken. It saves time from both the learners and the assessor’s point of view. 3.3 How to apply holistic assessment when planning assessment As the assessor meets with the learner and plans each technical certificate or unit of work they should be thinking about how best a holistic assessment would fit into the plan and how it can be cross referenced. The learner must then be in agreement and sign the plan. 3.4Summarise the types of risk that may be involved in assessment When talking about ‘risk’ there are a number of different kinds. There is physical/environmental risk to learner, client and assessor and there is emotional/psychological risk. Environmental issues in care setting such as fire, health and safety, trip hazards, the clients themselves. Emotionally learners could feel they are being pushed if too much work is given at once or they may not feel they are being challenged enough. This creates unrealistic and unnecessary risk stress on the learner and is far from beneficial and conducive to good work being produced. 3.5.1 How to minimise risks through the planning process. Plan number one that is produced with the learner will have ensured that the learner is working in safe conditions and if needed any risk assessments have been done, i.e. if the learner is under 18 years old. The plan will also check that the employer’s insurance liability is up to date. The assessor will discuss with the learner how best to handle their work load to cause minimum stress. Some learners prefer large assignments whilst others prefer small chunks at a time. By knowing your learner you will know whether their work is authentic and justifiable, it is important that they are told about not copying and pasting articles as their own work and explain to them what plagiarism is. Outcome 4Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4.1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process There are a large number of reasons why it’s so important to involve the learner in assessment. The diploma is for the candidate, it’s their work, and there goals and they need to feel as if they own it. By clear involvement the learner will know what is expected from them and clearly understand the standards and criteria. By involving others in the planning such as senior colleagues and managers then witness statements can be provided, time allocated for learning and support. 4.2 Types of information available to learners. In order for a learner to complete their diploma they should be given any necessary teaching and resources. This may include handouts, oral teaching sessions and websites to look at. Other types of information are items such as standards and the criteria they need to meet. The learner will be told how the evidence is gathered an in what format such as written accounts, reflective accounts, observations. 4.3 How can peer and self-assessment be used to promote learner involvement and responsibility? 4.4How can assessment arrangements be adapted to meet the needs of the individual learner? Each candidate’s assessment needs must be considered in relation to the assessment being undertaken. Most candidates will require more than one assessment arrangement. For example, candidates who have a visual impairment, hearing imparient or advanced learning needs . Outcome 5Understand how to make assessment decisions 5.1 When judging evidence we use the following terms:- Valid, authentic, current and sufficient. When assessing a learner’s evidence as an assessor I have to be satisfied that the work submitted is the learners own work and not plagiarised from a book or the internet. It is often easy to tell when this happens as the terms used and flow of the writing changes. Within the realms of health and social care the standards, policies and procedures are continually updated to ensure national standards are met, with this in mind it is important that the learners work is current and up to date with knowledge that his relevant and not historical. I also have to consider whether the work submitted is sufficient, has it covered the entire outcome required and does it show an understanding of the subject. 5.2 In order for assessment decisions to be reliable and fair between learners there are a set of learning outcomes and criteria that have to be achieved. Each learner is made aware of these outcomes and criteria and their work should demonstrate this. Each learner is assessed against the criteria and outcomes. Outcome 6Understand how your assessments contribute to the quality assurance of assessment 6.1 6.2 6.3 There is great importance of quality assurance in the assessment process as it shows whether the performance targets are being met against national standards that are in place. Within my workplace all work is quality assured by an Internal Verifier (IV). The IV is qualified and occupationally competent in the subject that they verify. The role of the IV is to provide support, advice and guidance to the assessing team. The IV holds regular standardisation meetings with the assessors and also gives one-to-one support and feedback on learner’s portfolios. When the portfolios of learners have been assessed and internally verified, and all the assessment criteria have been met, the IV should arrange for the centre to apply for certification for those learners. This will prompt a visit from the External Verifier to confirm the assessment and verification decisions made at the centre. The IV is responsible for ensuring that the details of the learners applying for certification, the assessor(s) involved, and the IV activity in relation to those assessors. The EV will visit the centre to verify the assessment and internal verification decisions made by centre staff. Where there are large numbers of learners this is normally done on a sampling basis. The sample is selected by the EV, to allow them to verify the work of all assessors across a range of evidence types and performance criteria and is based on the IV’s sampling plan. It may be necessary for the EV to sample more portfolios than was originally planned, or all the portfolio s in the group, so all portfolios should be available on the day of the EV’s visit. If a learner feels †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Outcome 7Understand how to manage information relating to assessment of occupational competence 7.1 7.2 It is important to follow procedures for the management of information relating to assessment for a number of reasons. The assessor should regularly update learning records to provide accurate information on the learner’s achievement. At my place of work we use a computer system called ‘Zylab’ which tracks each learner’s progress through a colour chart system. The up to date information contributes to evidence of quality assurance and standardisation, pointing out learners that need extra help or who are falling behind. I use the Zylab forms to show my learners how they are progressing, to see a visual representation of progress and can be extremely rewarding and increases willingness to learn and achieve. The use of feedback and questioning during the assessment process allows me as an assessor to clarify and judge the learners understanding and knowledge in certain areas. Giving critical feedback to someone is a delicate process. It is very important to assure that you approach the task with sensitivity to the persons feelings to avoid the common problem of a very defensive reaction. An example of giving positive, negative and positive feedback is:- You really did an excellent job with that Communication essay everybody has been very impressed! In the future, it would be better to avoid naming people that havent accepted all the methods you outline. Its great that you put so much thought into this and a lot of people are going to benefit from it! This is often referred to as a feedback sandwich. Outcome 8Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8.1 The organisation that I work for has legal requirements, polices and procedures in relation to assessment. Each visit to see a learner I ask whether there have been any incidents that have occurred, either emotionally or from a health and safety perspective. If there has been then I check an incident form has been completed (if appropriate), what measures have been put in place to ensure it doesn’t happen again and I take time to listen to the learner express themselves. All work undertaken is dealt with in a confidential manner. No names of places, clients, service users or staff are used in portfolio evidence and the learner knows that they can talk to me in a confidential manner. Clear records of learning are kept for all learners as mentioned before we use Zylab sheets which must be updated every Friday. The organisation has a responsibility to ensure that all learners are given equal opportunity to develop and learn and the organisation recognises the diversity in each on e. 8.2 The use of technology can make in the assessment process is invaluable. I have a learner with advanced learning needs who really struggles with writing and spelling. To overcome this we use a Dictaphone and use the recording as oral evidence. The organisation now offers on line training which for many learners is ideal as the use of computers within day to day lives and workplaces becomes far more common. It has to be remembered though that there are older learners that we assess that don’t have the computer skills and would rather use a paper portfolio. Each learner needs to be assessed as an individual. 8.3 There are legal and best practice requirements that have to be met in relation to assessment with regards to gender, disability, race/culture/religion and language. Each learner that enrols on a course is initially assessed as to any factors which could lead to advanced learning needs. These needs may be due to language barriers, religion or culture. For every learning need identified the organisation has a duty to ensure each one is recognised and the appropriate support is given.

Roger’s Theory as compared to that of Ellis’ Theory Essay -- Psycholog

Anderson (n.d) states, â€Å"Carl Rogers, a pioneering psychotherapist and the most influential psychologist in American history was one of the most prominent people of his time.† Rogers’ ideas and practices brought about a change in the school of humanistic psychology. What he learned in philosophy and philosophy of education influenced his personal life experiences which led him to a revolutionary of theory of therapy (Corsini, 2011 p. 148). According to an electrical resource, Client –centered therapy is a form of talk psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s (â€Å"PCT†, n.d.). Certainly, Rogers’ non-directive approach to client- centered therapy focused on the importance of individual feelings and perceptions of self in the present. Rogers believed that this process increased understanding of self-awareness within the client. If the clients can identify, fully accept, and clarify feelings in their conscious, it wil l help them to determine the solution to their own problem. Since Carl Rogers was the one the first influential therapist, Alert Ellis became the second most influential therapist of all times in cognitive behavior therapy. Ellis developed a theory called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in the mid-1950s. Wikipedia (n.d.) explain this theory as , â€Å"A comprehensive, active–directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problem and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.† Unlike client-centered therapy, Ellis active-directive approach to rational emotive behavior therapy focused on The ABCD technique. This ABCD framework is defined as: (A) activating even not from an emotion, (B) bel... ... (Corsini, 2011 p. 153). However, rational emotive behvior therapist provided much direction, whereas the person centered approach encourages the client to determine direction (Corsini, 2011 p. 153). Furthermore, Rogers emphasize the conditions of a person’s right freely express themselves in solving their own problems. However, Ellis theory pays attention to the development of thoughts and emotions people experience. Similar, outcomes are evident in both client-centered therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy after the patients have received valuable assistance. The clients continue to show growth and healing in their conscious as they revealed about life’s current problems. Likewise, Rogers and Ellis neither focused the patients past lifestyle or relied on unconscious. The clients were able to gain a sense of self-awareness at the end of the therapy.

Contemporary Issues in The Merchant of Venice Essay -- Merchant of Ven

Contemporary Issues in The Merchant of Venice       Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice is still relevant today because it deals with issues which still affect us. Throughout the play a distinction is made between how things appear and how they are in reality.   The issue of appearance versus reality is demonstrated in varied ways, mainly by the use of real-life situations.   The first representation of this is Shylock's generosity with his money and eagerness to make friends with Antonio when he says, "I say, to buy his favour, I extend this friendship," when all he wants is to take a pound of Antonio's flesh and end his life, "If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him."   Shylock pretends to want to be friends with Antonio, but only wants revenge against the Jew-hater.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The choosing of the three caskets is used as the main explanation of appearance versus reality.   The suitor of Portia must choose either a gold, silver or lead casket, where the right choice will allow the suitor to marry her.   The Prince of Morocco, on choosing the beautiful gold casket with the inscription, "Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire," sees the message, "All that glisters is not gold," and is thus turned away by Portia.   The Prince of Arragon, on choosing the silver casket with, "Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves," receives a fool's head, and is told that that is what he deserves.   Bassanio however, on correctly choosing the lead casket with the inscription, "Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath," says, "The world is still (constantly) deceived with ornament."   ... ...actions with one another throughout the play. Appearance versus reality is explored when Shylock pretends to be Antonio's friend, with the choosing of the caskets, and when Portia and Nerissa go to court in disguise to help out Antonio and Bassanio.   Racial discrimination is shown in depth with the confrontations of Antonio and Shylock.   Overall 'The Merchant Of Venice' explores both appearance versus reality and racial prejudice, which are two issues that still hold importance in present-day society.    Works Cited and Consulted    Barnet Sylvan.   "Introduction." The Merchant of Venice Ed. Sylvan Barnet.   New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jersey : Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970.   1-10.    Granville-Barker, Harley.   "The Merchant of Venice.   " Shakespeare Ed. Leonard F. Dean.   Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1947.   37-71.   

How Does Media Affect My Life

How Does Media Affect My Life? The developing industry of media and technology has flourished into a revolution. A revolution in which has embarked on plenty of opportunities for media companies to expand and give people the ability to experience a new wave of media products and communications. The affects in which the author of the novel ‘The Shallows’, Nicholas Carr, discusses throughout his own personal experiences of how media has negatively affected his life and his mentality.From reading his novel and his insight on what the Internet is really doing to our brains, I was able to contrast what Carr had said to my own perspective and connect it to experience’s I have had similar to his. Through decades, the evolution of technology has cultivated media into something so easily accessible. Thus, creating those using this technology, to be unfocused in our generation and future generations, changing ones behaviour and creating habits due to neuroplasticity, and fi nally the crave for more technology to meet our generations enthusiastic needs.In this generation, the media has provided its audiences and purchasers with the opportunities and experiences to broaden their personal horizons. Companies and industries have provided societies and people globally with many chances to explore the World Wide Web. Carr explains his insights of the Internet thoroughly throughout his first chapter ‘Hal and Me’. He explains his involvement with his first ever purchased computer and how he fell in love with the capabilities the machine provided. Carr became so involved with the computer he invested into more computers when they were first released.Carr quickly realized what his machine and Internet was actually doing to his brain years later, making him completely unfocused. He noticed specifically when trying to read through a book, and he was not the only one. I think that the media and the Internet have taken away from the generation today, an d future generations to come. The Internet has made it impossible for people like myself, to stay focused for a long period of time while reading. There are easier ways to get a hold of readings from the Internet, with websites such as SparkNotes.Students like myself have used have used the significant source of Sparknotes to gather information about books and articles. The Internet provides a variety of sources and web blogs that help people gather information, and at the same time preventing them from reading an entire book, destroying their focus. It has become a norm today to hop on the Internet and type in a weblog, not providing one with full detail, and skimming through to gain their knowledge. The human brain allows you to discover new experiences and changes in your behaviour. Neuroplacity is responsible for providing us with neural pathways that lead to constant changes.It is neuroplacity that shapes the way we think on a daily basis. We are sucked into the media in the si mplest ways, and we do not realize the major effects that it causes to our mind. The more we involve ourselves with the media technology and Internet, we become more infatuated, as it locks our brains into a certain routine. Carr describes neuroplacity as the â€Å"ability in our brain that allows us to adapt to new situations, learn new stuff, and expand our horizons† (Carr, 34) but it is the constant desire to continue the repetition that makes neuroplacity negative aspect in the media spectrum .When our brain practices certain behaviors continuously, our circuits begin to crave it more. Habits develop such as entering a topic in a search engine on Google or Yahoo. We use search engines to view articles, and access social networks, as we depend on the Internets search engine for our daily dose of communication and media. Therefore, neuroplacity is creating habits that make one crave the Internet and media technology throughout the day in a way that destroys our brain. Enthu siasts celebrate new technology, and the thought of new media being released.They are people who believe that the Internet is only making our culture better in a positive way, indicating it is â€Å"a ‘democratization’ of culture† (Carr, 2). Globally our culture today has become full of enthusiasts, who crave the thought of new media and technology. It is common for people to be excited about the latest phones being released and new updates on websites. Our technology has changed drastically over decades, creating a more convenient way to communicate, share and receive information.Carr describes the extreme change in the way we now look at time. Clocks have become more accurate than ever before, as they were only put into places such as town halls, churches, and palaces (Carr, 43). Today, they are available for every home, hand held, and accessible through electronic devices. Carr describes the mechanical clock transformation as changing the way we see ourselves (Carr, 43). Today’s technology has helped people globally communicate with one another, shop online, search and share their own information.The media phenomenon has become so easily accessible that people now crave for more information, and want the latest technology. Skeptics predicted that this phenomenon would dumb down our culture globally. With the evidence supported by Carr, I do not believe that our culture is ‘dumb downed’ by the media, but it has provided us with more varieties of sources and technology to explore other possibilities. I do agree that the media has created a negative effect on how individuals perceive things now that media has taken over.Clocks went from only being in town halls, churches, and palaces. They are now easily accessible on a smart phone, because of the demand of new, and better technology. More technology and media are being produced today, to live up to our global expectations. The evolution of media has constructed humanâ⠂¬â„¢s thoughts in such a way that adapts to the current society of media. Current civilization has developed into such a technological state in which our society is dependent on. Human behaviors have taken a negative effect from the media in the sense that we are processing so much information.Carr allows us to observe the effects that the Internet and current media have on neuroplacity in the human mind. Media and technology industries are achieving success in the demands of new media products and sources. Global societies have depended on the Internet, and other convenient technologies to get by on a daily basis. Carr provides information that proves the Internet has stolen individual’s ability to focus. Our generation’s ability to concentrate will only worsen with the newly released sources and media products, because of the hunger for new information.